Micheal Jackson

Michael Joseph Jackson[1] (August 29, 1958 – June 25, 2009) was an American recording artist, dancer, singer-songwriter, musician, and philanthropist. Referred to as the King of Pop, Jackson is recognized as the most successful entertainer of all time by Guinness World Records. His contribution to music, dance, and fashion, along with a much-publicized personal life, made him a global figure in popular culture for over four decades. The seventh child of theJackson family, he debuted on the professional music scene along with his brothers as a member of The Jackson 5, then the Jacksons in 1964, and began his solo career in 1971.

In the early 1980s, Jackson became a dominant figure in popular music. The music videos for his songs, including those of "Beat It", "Billie Jean", and "Thriller", were credited with transforming the medium into an art form and a promotional tool, and the popularity of these videos helped to bring the relatively new television channel MTV to fame. Videos such as "Black or White" and "Scream" made him a staple on MTV in the 1990s. Through stage performances and music videos, Jackson popularized a number of dance techniques, such as the robot and the moonwalk, to which he gave the name. His distinctive musical sound and vocal style have influenced numerous hip hop, pop, contemporary R&B, and rock artists.

Jackson's 1982 album Thriller is the best-selling album of all time. His other records, including Off the Wall (1979), Bad(1987), Dangerous (1991), and HIStory (1995), also rank among the world's best-selling. Jackson is one of the few artists to have been inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame twice. He was also inducted into the Dance Hall of Fame as the first (and currently only) dancer from the world of pop and rock 'n' roll. Some of his other achievements include multiple Guinness World Records; 13Grammy Awards (as well as the Grammy Legend Award and the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award); 26 American Music Awards (more than any other artist, including the "Artist of the Century"); 13number-one singles in the United States in his solo career (more than any other male artist in the Hot 100 era); and the estimated sale of over 750 million records worldwide. Jackson won hundreds of awards, which have made him the most-awarded recording artist in the history of popular music.

Aspects of Jackson's personal life, including his changing appearance, personal relationships, and behavior, have generated controversy. In 1993, he was accused of child sexual abuse, but the case was settled out of court and no formal charges were brought. In 2005, he was tried and acquitted of further sexual abuse allegations and several other charges after the jury ruled him not guilty on all counts. While preparing for his concert series This Is It, Jackson died of acute propofol intoxication on June 25, 2009, after suffering from cardiac arrest. Before his death, Jackson had been administered drugs including propofol and lorazepam. The Los Angeles County Coroner declared his death a homicide, and his personal physician pleaded not guilty to charges of involuntary manslaughter. Jackson's death triggered a global outpouring of grief, and as many as one billion people around the world reportedly watched his public memorial service on live television. In March 2010, Sony Music Entertainment signed a $250 million deal with Jackson's estate to retain distribution rights to his recordings until 2017, and to release seven posthumous albums over the decade following his death. {| class="toc" id="toc" style="font-size: 12px; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); padding-top: 5px; padding-right: 5px; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-left: 5px; "

Contents
[hide]*1 Life and career
 * 1.1 Early life and The Jackson 5 (1958–1975)
 * 1.2 Move to Epic and Off the Wall (1975–81)
 * 1.3 Thriller and Motown 25 (1982–83)
 * 1.4 Pepsi, "We Are the World" and business career (1984–85)
 * 1.5 Appearance, tabloids, Bad and films (1986–87)
 * 1.6 Autobiography, changing appearance and Neverland (1988–1990)
 * 1.7 Dangerous, Heal the World Foundation and Super Bowl XXVII (1991–93)
 * 1.8 First child sexual abuse allegations and first marriage (1993–94)
 * 1.9 HIStory, second marriage and fatherhood (1995–99)
 * 1.10 Label dispute, Invincible and third child (2000–03)
 * 1.11 Second child sexual abuse allegations and acquittal (2003–05)
 * 1.12 Closure of Neverland, Final years and This Is It (2006–09)
 * 2 Death and memorial
 * 2.1 Death aftermath
 * 3 Artistry
 * 3.1 Influences
 * 3.2 Musical themes and genres
 * 3.3 Vocal style
 * 3.4 Music videos and choreography
 * 4 Legacy and influence
 * 5 Honors and awards
 * 6 Lifetime earnings
 * 7 Discography
 * 8 Filmography
 * 9 Tours
 * 10 See also
 * 11 References
 * 12 Further reading
 * 13 External links
 * }

Early life and The Jackson 5 (1958–1975)
Jackson's childhood home in Gary, Indiana, showing floral tributes after his death.Michael Jackson was born on August 29, 1958, the eighth of ten children in an African American working-class family who lived in a small 3-room house in Gary, Indiana,[2] an industrial city near Chicago. His mother, Katherine Esther Scruse, was a devout Jehovah's Witness, and his father, Joseph Walter "Joe" Jackson, was a steel mill worker who performed with an R&B band called The Falcons. Jackson had three sisters: Rebbie, La Toya, and Janet, and five brothers: Jackie, Tito,Jermaine, Marlon, and Randy.[3] A sixth brother, Brandon, died shortly after birth.[4]

Jackson had a troubled relationship with his father, Joe.[5] [6] [7] Joseph acknowledged in 2003 that he regularly whipped Jackson as a boy.[7] Jackson stated that he was physically and emotionally abused during incessant rehearsals, though he also credited his father's strict discipline with playing a large role in his success.[5] Jackson first spoke openly about his childhood abuse in an interview with Oprah Winfrey, broadcast in February 1993. He admitted that he had often cried from loneliness and he would vomit on the sight of his father. Jackson's father was also said to have verbally abused Jackson, saying that he had a fat nose on numerous occasions.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-7" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[8] In fact, Michael Jackson's deep dissatisfaction with his appearance, his nightmares and chronic sleep problems, his tendency to remain hyper-compliant especially with his father, and to remain child-like throughout his adult life are in many ways consistent with the effects of this chronic maltreatment he endured as a young child.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-8" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[9]

<p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">In an interview with Martin Bashir, later included in the 2003 broadcast of Living with Michael Jackson, Jackson acknowledged that his father hurt him when he was a child, but was nonetheless a "genius", as he admitted his father's strict discipline played a huge role in his success. When Bashir dismissed the positive remark and continued asking about beatings, Jackson put his hand over his face and objected to the questions. He recalled that Joseph sat in a chair with a belt in his hand as he and his siblings rehearsed, and that "if you didn't do it the right way, he would tear you up, really get you".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-9" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[10] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-lewis_165-168_10-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[11]

<p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">In 1964, Michael and Marlon joined the Jackson Brothers—a band formed by brothers Jackie, Tito, and Jermaine—as backup musicians playing congas andtambourine. Jackson later began performing backup vocals and dancing. When he was eight, Jackson began sharing the lead vocals with his older brother Jermaine, and the group's name was changed to The Jackson 5.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Nelson_George_overview_20_2-1" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[3] The band toured the Midwest extensively from 1966 to 1968, frequently performing at a string of black clubs known as the "chitlin' circuit", where they often opened stripteases and other adult acts. In 1966, they won a major local talent show with renditions of Motown hits and James Brown's "I Got You (I Feel Good)", led by Michael.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-RRHF_11-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[12]

<p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">The Jackson 5 recorded several songs, including "Big Boy", for the local record label Steeltown in 1967, before signing with Motown Records in 1968.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Nelson_George_overview_20_2-2" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[3] Rolling Stonemagazine later described the young Michael as "a prodigy" with "overwhelming musical gifts," writing that he "quickly emerged as the main draw and lead singer."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-rollingstone_12-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[13] The group set a chart record when its first four singles ("I Want You Back", "ABC", "The Love You Save", and "I'll Be There") peaked at number one on the BillboardHot 100.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Nelson_George_overview_20_2-3" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[3] Between 1972 and 1975, Michael released four solo studio albums with Motown, among them Got to Be There and Ben, released as part of the Jackson 5 franchise, and producing successful singles such as "Got to Be There", "Ben", and a remake of Bobby Day's "Rockin' Robin". The group's sales began declining in 1973, and the band members chafed under Motown's strict refusal to allow them creative control or input. Although they scored several top 40 hits, including the top 5disco single "Dancing Machine" and the top 20 hit "I Am Love", the Jackson 5 left Motown in 1975.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Nelson_George_overview_22_13-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[14]

Move to Epic and Off the Wall (1975–81)
<p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">In June 1975, the Jackson 5 signed with Epic Records, a subsidiary of CBS Records<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Nelson_George_overview_22_13-1" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[14] and renamed themselves the Jacksons. Younger brother Randy formally joined the band around this time, while Jermaine left to pursue a solo career.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-tara_138.E2.80.93144_14-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[15] They continued to tour internationally, releasing six more albums between 1976 and 1984, during which Michael was the lead songwriter, writing hits such as "Shake Your Body (Down to the Ground)", "This Place Hotel," and "Can You Feel It".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-RRHF_11-1" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[12] In 1978, he starred as the scarecrow in the musical, The Wiz, a box-office disaster. It was here that he teamed up with Quincy Jones, who was arranging the film's musical score. Jones agreed to produce Jackson's next solo album, Off the Wall.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Nelson_George_overview_23_15-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[16] In 1979, Jackson broke his nose during a complex dance routine. His subsequent rhinoplasty was not a complete success; he complained of breathing difficulties that would affect his career. He was referred to Dr. Steven Hoefflin, who performed Jackson's second rhinoplasty and subsequent operations.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-tara_205.E2.80.93210_16-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[17]

<p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">Jones and Jackson produced the Off the Wall album together. Songwriters for the album included Jackson, Rod Temperton, Stevie Wonder, and Paul McCartney. Released in 1979, it was the first solo album to generate four U.S. top 10 hits, including the chart-topping singles "Don't Stop 'til You Get Enough" and "Rock with You".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Nelson_George_overview_37-38_17-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[18] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-MichaelJacksonIsBorn_18-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[19] It reached number three on the Billboard 200 and eventually sold over 20 million copies worldwide.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Off_the_Wall_.7B.7BNowrap.7C20_million.7D.7D_19-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[20] In 1980, Jackson won three awards at theAmerican Music Awards for his solo efforts: Favorite Soul/R&B Album, Favorite Soul/R&B Male Artist, and Favorite Soul/R&B Single for "Don't Stop 'Til You Get Enough".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-AMAs_1980_20-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[21] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-AMAs_1980_2_21-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[22] That year, he also won Billboard Year-End for Top Black Artist and Top Black Album and a Grammy Award for Best Male R&B Vocal Performance, also for "Don't Stop 'Til You Get Enough".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Nelson_George_overview_37-38_17-1" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[18] Jackson again won at the American Music Awards in 1981 for Favorite Soul/R&B Album and Favorite Soul/R&B Male Artist.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-AMAs_1981_22-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[23] Despite its commercial success, Jackson felt Off the Wall should have made a much bigger impact, and was determined to exceed expectations with his next release.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-23" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[24] In 1980, he secured the highest royalty rate in the music industry: 37 percent of wholesale album profit.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-24" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[25]

Thriller and Motown 25 (1982–83)
<p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">In 1982, Jackson contributed the song "Someone In the Dark" to the storybook for the film E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial; the record won a Grammy for Best Recording for Children in 1984. In the same year he won another seven Grammys and eight American Music Awards (including the Award of Merit, the youngest artist to win it), making him the most awarded in one night for both award shows.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-MJ_Grammy.27s_25-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[26] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-AMAs_1984_26-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[27] These awards were thanks to the Thriller album, released in late 1982, which was 1983's best-selling album worldwide<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Thriller_best_seller_27-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[28] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Thriller_best_seller_1_28-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[29] and became the best-selling album of all time in the United States,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-RIAA_certification_29-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[30] as well as the best-selling album of all time worldwide, selling an estimated 110 million copies so far.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Thriller_.7B.7BNowrap.7C110_million.7D.7D_copies_30-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[31] The album topped the Billboard 200 chart for 37 weeks and was in the top 10 of the 200 for 80 consecutive weeks. It was the first album to have seven Billboard Hot 100 top 10 singles, including "Billie Jean", "Beat It," and "Wanna Be Startin' Somethin'."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-31" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[32] Thriller was certified for 29 million shipments by the RIAA, giving it Double Diamond status in the United States. The album won also another Grammy for Best Engineered Recording – Non Classical in 1984, awarding Bruce Swedien for his work.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Bruce_Grammy.27s_32-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[33] Jackson's attorney John Branca noted that Jackson had the highest royalty rate in the music industry at that point: approximately $2 for every album sold. He was also making record-breaking profits from sales of his recordings. The videocassette of the documentary The Making of Michael Jackson's Thriller sold over 350,000 copies in a few months. The era saw the arrival of novelties like dolls modeled after Michael Jackson, which appeared in stores in May 1984 at a price of $12.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-TIME_33-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[34] Biographer J. Randy Taraborrelli writes that, "Thriller stopped selling like a leisure item—like a magazine, a toy, tickets to a hit movie—and started selling like a household staple."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-tara_226_34-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[35] In 1985, The Making of Michael Jackson's Thriller won a Grammy for Best Music Video, Longform.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-MJ_Grammy.27s_25-1" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[26] In December 2009, the music video for "Thriller" was selected for the National Film Registry by the Library of Congress, "Thriller" is the first music video ever to be inducted.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Michael_Jackson_Thriller_Induction_35-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[36] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Reuters:_U.S._registry_2009-12-30_36-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[37] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-37" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[38]

<p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">Time described Jackson's influence at that point as "Star of records, radio, rock video. A one-man rescue team for the music business. A songwriter who sets the beat for a decade. A dancer with the fanciest feet on the street. A singer who cuts across all boundaries of taste and style and color too".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-TIME_33-1" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[34] The New York Timeswrote that, "in the world of pop music, there is Michael Jackson and there is everybody else".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-NYTimes_38-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[39]

<p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">In March 1983, Jackson reunited with his brothers for a legendary live performance which was taped for a Motown 25: Yesterday, Today, Forever television special. The show aired on May 16, 1983, to an audience of 47 million viewers, and featured the Jacksons and a number of other Motown stars. It is best remembered for Jackson's solo performance of "Billie Jean". Wearing a distinctive black sequin jacket and golf glove decorated with rhinestones, he debuted his signature dance move, the moonwalk, which former Soul Train dancer and Shalamar member, Jeffrey Daniel had taught him three years before. The Jacksons' performance drew comparisons to Elvis Presley's and The Beatles' appearances on The Ed Sullivan Show.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-39" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[40] Anna Kisselgoff of The New York Times later wrote, "The moonwalk that he made famous is an apt metaphor for his dance style. How does he do it? As a technician, he is a great illusionist, a genuine mime. His ability to keep one leg straight as he glides while the other bends and seems to walk requires perfect timing."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Dancing_feet_of_Michael_Jackson_40-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[41]

Pepsi, "We Are the World" and business career (1984–85)
Jackson with a Knott's Berry FarmSnoopy mascot in April 1984<p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">On January 27, 1984, Michael and other members of the Jacksons filmed a Pepsi Cola commercial, overseen by executivePhil Dusenberry,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-nytt_41-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[42] from ad agency BBDO and Pepsi's Worldwide Creative Director, Alan Pottasch at the Shrine Auditorium in Los Angeles. In front of a full house of fans during a simulated concert, pyrotechnics accidentally set Jackson's hair on fire. He suffered second-degree burns to his scalp. Jackson underwent treatment to hide the scars on his scalp, and he also had his third rhinoplasty shortly thereafter.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-tara_205.E2.80.93210_16-1" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[17] Jackson never recovered from this injury. Pepsi settled out of court, and Jackson donated his $1.5 million settlement to the Brotman Medical Center in Culver City, California, which now has a "Michael Jackson Burn Center" in honor of his donation.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-tara_279.E2.80.93287_42-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[43] Dusenberry later recounted the episode in his memoir, Then We Set His Hair on Fire: Insights and Accidents from a Hall of Fame Career in Advertising.

<p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">On May 14, 1984, Jackson was invited to the White House to receive an award from President Ronald Reagan for his support of charities that helped people overcome alcohol and drug abuse.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-43" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[44] Jackson won eight awards during the Grammys that year. Unlike later albums, Thriller did not have an official tour to promote it, but the 1984 Victory Tour, headlined by The Jacksons, showcased much of Jackson's new solo material to more than two million Americans. He donated all the funds (around $8 million) raised from the Victory Tour to charity.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-44" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[45] He also co-wrote the charity single "We Are the World" in 1985 with Lionel Richie, which was released worldwide to aid the poor in the U.S. and Africa. It became one of the best-selling singles of all time, with nearly 30 million copies sold and millions of dollars donated to famine relief. In 1986, "We Are the World" won four Grammys (one for Jackson for Song of the Year). American Music Award directors removed the charity song from the competition because they felt it would be inappropriate, but recognised it with two special honors (one for the creation of the song and one for the USA for Africa idea). They are the only AMAs that Jackson won as non-solo artist.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-USA_for_Africa_Grammy.27s_45-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[46] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-AMAs_1986_46-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[47] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-AMAs_1986_2_47-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[48] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-48" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[49] Jackson at the White House South Portico with President Ronald Reagan and first lady Nancy Reagan, 1984<p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">In 1984, ATV Music Publishing, which had the copyrights to nearly 4000 songs, including the Northern Songs catalog that contained the majority of the Lennon/McCartney compositions recorded by The Beatles, was put up for sale by Robert Holmes à Court.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-hilburn_49-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[50] Jackson had become interested in owning music catalogs after working with Paul McCartney in the early 1980s: Jackson had learned McCartney made approximately $40 million a year from other people's songs.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jdoyle_50-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[51] In 1981,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-tara_333-338_51-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[52] McCartney was offered the ATV music catalog for £20 million ($40 million).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jdoyle_50-1" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[51] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-mcca_atv_52-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[53] According to McCartney, he contacted Yoko Ono about making a joint purchase by splitting the cost equally at £10 million each, but Ono thought they could buy it for £5 million each.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jdoyle_50-2" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[51] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-mcca_atv_52-1" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[53] When they were unable to make the joint purchase, McCartney let the offer fall through, not wanting to be the sole owner of the Beatles' songs.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-tara_333-338_51-1" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[52] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-mcca_atv_52-2" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[53]

<p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">According to a negotiator for Holmes à Court in the 1984 sale, "We had given Paul McCartney first right of refusal but Paul didn't want it at that time."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-ch7news_53-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[54] Also, an attorney for McCartney assured Jackson's attorney, John Branca, that McCartney was not interested in bidding: McCartney reportedly said "It's too pricey"<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jdoyle_50-3" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[51] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-tara_333-338_51-2" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[52] But there were several other companies and investors bidding. In September 1984, Jackson was first informed about the sale by Branca and sent a bid of $46 million on November 20, 1984.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-hilburn_49-1" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[50] Jackson's agents thought they had a deal several times, but encountered new bidders or new areas of debate.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-hilburn_49-2" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[50] In May 1985, Jackson's team walked away from talks after having spent over $1 million on four months ofdue diligence and on the negotiations.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-hilburn_49-3" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[50]

<p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">In June 1985, Jackson and Branca learned that Charles Koppelman's and Marty Bandier's The Entertainment Co. had made a tentative agreement with Holmes à Court to buy ATV Music for $50 million.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-hilburn_49-4" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[50] But in early August, Holmes à Court's team contacted Jackson and talks resumed. Jackson raised his bid to $47.5 million and it was accepted because he could close the deal more quickly, having already completed due diligence of ATV Music.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-hilburn_49-5" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[50] He also agreed to visit Holmes à Court in Australia, where he would appear on the Channel Seven Perth Telethon.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-hilburn_49-6" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[50] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-ch7news_53-1" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[54] Jackson's purchase of ATV Musicwas finalized August 10, 1985.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-hilburn_49-7" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[50]

Appearance, tabloids, Bad and films (1986–87)
See also: Michael Jackson's health and appearance<p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">Jackson's skin had been a medium-brown color for the entire duration of his youth, but starting in the mid 1980s, it gradually grew paler. The change gained widespread media coverage, including rumors that he was bleaching his skin.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-campbell_.281995.29_14-16_54-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[55] According to J. Randy Taraborrelli's biography, in 1986, Jackson was diagnosed withvitiligo and lupus; the vitiligo partially lightened his skin, and the lupus was in remission; both illnesses made him sensitive to sunlight. The treatments he used for his condition further lightened his skin tone, and, with the application of pancake makeup to even out blotches, he could appear very pale.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Taraborrelli_55-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[56] Jackson was also diagnosed with vitiligo in his autopsy.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-56" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[57] Several surgeons speculated that he had undergone various nasal surgeries, a forehead lift, thinned lips, and cheekbone surgery—although Jackson denied this and insisted that he only had surgery on his nose.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-57" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[58] Jackson claimed that he had only two rhinoplasties and no other surgery on his face, although at one point he mentioned having a dimple created in his chin.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jackson_229-230_58-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[59] Jackson lost weight in the early 1980s because of a change in diet and a desire for "a dancer's body".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jackson_229-230_58-1" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[59] Witnesses reported that he was often dizzy and speculated that he was suffering from anorexia nervosa; periods of weight loss would become a recurring problem later in life.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-tara_312.E2.80.93313_59-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[60]

<p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">During the course of his treatment, Jackson made two close friends: his dermatologist, Dr. Arnold Klein, and Klein's nurse Debbie Rowe. Rowe eventually became Jackson's second wife and the mother of his two eldest children. Long before becoming romantically involved with her, Jackson relied heavily on Rowe for emotional support. He also relied heavily on Klein, for medical and business advice.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-60" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[61] Jackson two years after he was diagnosed with vitiligo, here in the early stages of the disease<p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">Jackson became the subject of increasingly sensational reports. In 1986, the tabloids ran a story claiming that Jackson slept in ahyperbaric oxygen chamber to slow the aging process; he was pictured lying down in a glass box. Although the claim was untrue, according to tabloid reports that are widely cited, Jackson had disseminated the fabricated story himself.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-tara_355-361_61-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[62] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-BBC.2C_Jackson.27s_image_problems_62-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[63] When Jackson bought a chimpanzee called Bubbles from a laboratory, he was reported to be increasingly detached from reality.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-63" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[64] It was reported that Jackson had offered to buy the bones of Joseph Merrick (the "elephant man") and although untrue, Jackson did not deny the story.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-tara_355-361_61-1" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[62] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-BBC.2C_Jackson.27s_image_problems_62-1" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[63] Although initially he saw these stories as opportunities for publicity, he stopped leaking untruths to the press as they became more sensational. Consequently the media began making up their own stories.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-BBC.2C_Jackson.27s_image_problems_62-2" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[63] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-tara_370.E2.80.93373_64-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[65] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-65" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[66] These reports became embedded in the public consciousness, inspiring the nickname "Wacko Jacko," which Jackson came to despise.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-66" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[67] Responding to the gossip, Jackson remarked to Taraborrelli: Why not just tell people I'm an alien from Mars. Tell them I eat live chickens and do a voodoo dance at midnight. They'll believe anything you say, because you're a reporter. But if I, Michael Jackson, were to say, "I'm an alien from Mars and I eat live chickens and do a voodoo dance at midnight," people would say, "Oh, man, that Michael Jackson is nuts. He's cracked up. You can't believe a single word that comes out of his mouth."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-67" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[68] Jackson wore a gold-plated military style jacket with belt in theBad eraJackson 2nd June 1988. "Wiener Stadion" venue in Vienna, Austria.<p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">Jackson collaborated with Francis Ford Coppola on the 17-minute 3-D film Captain EO, which debuted in September 1986 at both the original Disneyland and at EPCOT in Florida, and in March 1987 at Tokyo Disneyland. The $30 million movie was a popular attraction at all three parks. A Captain EO attraction was later featured at Euro Disneyland after that park opened in 1992. All four parks' Captain EO installations stayed open well into the 1990s: Paris' installation was the last one to close, in 1998.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Nelson_George_overview_41_68-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[69] The attraction would later return to Disneyland in 2010 after Jackson's death.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-69" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[70]

<p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">In 1987, Jackson disassociated himself from the Jehovah's Witnesses, in response to their disapproval of the Thriller video.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-ebony1_70-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[71] With the industry expecting another major hit, Jackson's first album in five years, Bad (1987), was highly anticipated.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-TIME2_71-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[72] It did not top Thriller as a commercial or artistic triumph, but Bad was still a substantial success in its own right.

<p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">The Bad album spawned seven hit singles in the U.S., five of which ("I Just Can't Stop Loving You", "Bad", "The Way You Make Me Feel", "Man in the Mirror" and "Dirty Diana") reached number one on the Billboard Hot 100 charts. This was a record for most number one Hot 100 singles from any one album, including Thriller.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-A_life_in_the_spotlight.E2.80.94cnn_72-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[73] Although the title track's video was arguably derivative of the video for the earlier single "Beat It", the "Bad" video still proved to be one of Jackson's iconic moments. It was a gritty but colorful epic set against the backdrop of the New York City Subway system, with costuming and choreography inspired by West Side Story.As of 2008, the album had sold 30 million copies worldwide.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Bad_.7B.7BNowrap.7C30_million.7D.7D_copies_73-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[74] Thanks to the Bad album, Bruce Swedien and Humberto Gatica won one Grammy in 1988 for Best Engineered Recording – Non Classical and Michael Jackson won one Grammy for Best Music Video, Short Form for "Leave Me Alone" in 1989.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-MJ_Grammy.27s_25-2" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[26] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Bruce_Grammy.27s_32-1" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[33] In the same year, Jackson won an Award of Achievement at the American Music Awards because Bad is the first album ever to generate five number one singles in the US, the first album to top in 25 countries and the best-selling album worldwide in 1987 and in 1988.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-AMAs_1989_74-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[75] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-AMAs_1989_2_75-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[76] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-AMAs_1989_3_76-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[77] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Bad_best_seller_77-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[78] In 1988, "Bad" won an American Music Award for Favorite Soul/R&B Single.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-AMAs_1988_78-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[79]

<p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">The Bad World Tour began on September 12 that year, finishing on January 14, 1989.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-lewis_95-96_79-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[80] In Japan alone, the tour had 14 sellouts and drew 570,000 people, nearly tripling the previous record of 200,000 in a single tour.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-WashPost_80-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[81] Jackson broke a Guinness World Record when 504,000 people attended seven sold-out shows at Wembley Stadium. He performed a total of 123 concerts to an audience of 4.4 million people. The Bad Tour turned out to be the last of Jackson's concert tours to include shows in the continental United States, although later tours did make it to Hawaii.

Autobiography, changing appearance and Neverland (1988–1990)
Jackson performing "The Way You Make Me Feel"<p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">In 1988, Jackson released his first and only autobiography, Moonwalk, which took four years to complete and sold 200,000 copies.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-81" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[82] Jackson wrote about his childhood, The Jackson 5, and the abuse he had suffered.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-82" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[83] He also wrote about his facial appearance, saying he had had two rhinoplastic surgeries and a dimple created in his chin.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jackson_229-230_58-2" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[59] He attributed much of the change in the structure of his face to puberty, weight loss, a strict vegetarian diet, a change in hair style, and stage lighting.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jackson_229-230_58-3" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[59] Moonwalk reached the top position on The New York Times best sellers' list.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Nelson_George_overview_42_83-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[84] The musician then released a film called Moonwalker, which featured live footage and short films that starred Jackson and Joe Pesci. The film was originally intended to be released to theaters but due to financial issues, the film was released direct-to-video. It saw a theatrical release in Germany, though. It debuted atop the Billboard Top Music Video Cassette chart, staying there for 22 weeks. It was eventually knocked off the top spot by Michael Jackson: The Legend Continues.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Nelson_George_overview_43-44_84-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[85]

<p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">In March 1988, Jackson purchased land near Santa Ynez, California, to build Neverland Ranch at a cost of $17 million. He installed Ferris wheels, a menagerie, and a movie theater on the 2,700-acre (11 km<sup style="line-height: 1em; ">2 ) property. A security staff of 40 patrolled the grounds. In 2003, it was valued at approximately $100 million.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-rollingstone_12-1" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[13] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-usatoday_finances_85-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[86] In 1989, his annual earnings from album sales, endorsements, and concerts was estimated at $125 million for that year alone.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-World_Records_86-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[87] Shortly afterwards, he became the first Westerner to appear in a television ad in the Soviet Union.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Nelson_George_overview_43-44_84-1" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[85]

<p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">His success resulted in his being dubbed the "King of Pop".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-87" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[88] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-88" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[89] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-89" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[90] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-90" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[91] The nickname was popularized by Elizabeth Taylor when she presented him with the Soul Train Heritage Award in 1989, proclaiming him "the true king of pop, rock and soul."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-91" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[92] PresidentGeorge H. W. Bush designated him the White House's "Artist of the Decade".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-georgebush_92-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[93] From 1985 to 1990, he donated $500,000 to theUnited Negro College Fund, and all of the profits from his single "Man in the Mirror" went to charity.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Blacks_who_give_back_93-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[94] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-94" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[95] Jackson's live rendition of "You Were There" at [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sammy_Davis,_Jr. Sammy Davis Jr.'s] 60th birthday celebration received an Emmy nomination.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Nelson_George_overview_43-44_84-2" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[85]

Dangerous, Heal the World Foundation and Super Bowl XXVII (1991–93)
<p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">In March 1991, Jackson renewed his contract with Sony for $65 million, a record-breaking deal at the time,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-95" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[96] displacing Neil Diamond's renewal contract withColumbia Records.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Deal_record_96-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[97] He released his eighth album Dangerous in 1991. As of 2008, Dangerous had shipped seven million copies in the U.S. and had sold 32 million copies worldwide. The Dangerous album was co-produced by Teddy Riley, one of the pioneers of "new jack swing" which convinced Michael to feature a rapper on his album for the first time, the act worked and it turned out to be the best-selling album associated with that movement.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-RIAA_certifications_97-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[98] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Dangerous_32_million_copies_worldwide_98-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[99] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-New_jack_swing_99-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[100] In the United States, the album's first single "Black or White" was its biggest hit, reaching number one on the Billboard Hot 100 and remaining there for seven weeks, with similar chart performances worldwide.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-KOP_achievements_100-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[101] The album's second single "Remember the Time" spent eight weeks in the top five in the United States, peaking at number three on the BillboardHot 100 singles chart.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Nelson_George_overview_45-46_101-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[102] At the end of 1992, Dangerous was awarded 1992's best-selling album worldwide and "Black or White" was awarded 1992's best-selling single worldwide at the Billboard Music Awards. Additionally, he won an award as best-selling artist of the '80s.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Best_1992_102-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[103] In 1993, Jackson performed the song at the Soul Train Music Awards in a chair, saying he had suffered an injury in rehearsals.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-103" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[104] In the UK and other parts of Europe, "Heal the World" was the biggest hit from the album; it sold 450,000 copies in the UK and spent five weeks at number two in 1992.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Nelson_George_overview_45-46_101-1" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[102]

<p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">Jackson founded the Heal the World Foundation in 1992. The charity organization brought underprivileged children to Jackson's ranch to enjoy theme park rides that Jackson had built on the property. The foundation also sent millions of dollars around the globe to help children threatened by war, poverty, and disease. In the same year Jackson published his second book, the bestselling collection of poetry, Dancing the Dream. While it was a commercial success and revealed a more intimate side to Jackson's nature, the collection was mostly critically unacclaimed at the time of release. In 2009, the book was republished by Doubleday and was more positively received by some critics in the wake of Jackson's untimely death. The Dangerous World Tour grossed $100 million. The tour began on June 27, 1992, and finished on November 11, 1993. Jackson performed to 3.5 million people in 67 concerts.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Nelson_George_overview_45-46_101-2" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[102] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-104" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[105] He sold the broadcast rights to his Dangerous world tour to HBO for $20 million, a record-breaking deal that still stands.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-105" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[106]

<p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">Following the illness and death of Ryan White, Jackson helped draw public attention to HIV/AIDS, something that was still controversial at the time. He publicly pleaded with the Clinton Administration at Bill Clinton's Inaugural Gala to give more money to HIV/AIDS charities and research.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-106" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[107] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-107" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[108] In a high-profile visit to Africa, Jackson visited several countries, among them Gabon and Egypt.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Ebony_108-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[109] His first stop to Gabon was greeted with a sizable and enthusiastic reception of more than 100,000 people, some of them carrying signs that read, "Welcome Home Michael."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Ebony_108-1" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[109] In his trip to Côte d'Ivoire, Jackson was crowned "King Sani" by a tribal chief.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Ebony_108-2" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[109] He then thanked the dignitaries in French and English, signed official documents formalizing his kingship and sat on a golden throne while presiding over ceremonial dances.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Ebony_108-3" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[109]

<p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">In January 1993, Jackson made a memorable appearance at the halftime show at Super Bowl XXVII. The performance began with Jackson catapulting onto the stage as fireworks went off behind him. As he landed on the canvas, he maintained a motionless "clenched fist, standing statue stance", dressed in a gold and black military outfit and sunglasses; he remained completely motionless for a minute and a half while the crowd cheered. He then slowly removed his sunglasses, threw them away and sang four songs: "Jam", "Billie Jean", "Black or White" and "Heal the World". It was the first Super Bowl where the audience figures increased during the half-time show, and was viewed by 135 million Americans alone; Jackson's Dangerous album rose 90 places up the album chart.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-campbell_.281995.29_14-16_54-1" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[55] Jackson was given the "Living Legend Award" at the 35th Grammy Awards in Los Angeles. "Black or White" was Grammy-nominated for best vocal performance. "Jam" gained two nominations: Best R&B Vocal Performance and Best R&B Song.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Nelson_George_overview_45-46_101-3" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[102] The Dangerous album won a Grammy for Best Engineered – Non Classical, awarding the work of Bruce Swedien and Teddy Riley. In the same year, Michael Jackson won three American Music Awards for Favorite Pop/Rock Album (Dangerous), Favorite Soul/R&B Single ("Remember the Time") and was the first to win the International Artist Award, for his global performances and humanitarian concerns. This award will bear his name in the future.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-MJ_Grammy.27s_25-3" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[26] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Bruce_Grammy.27s_32-2" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[33] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-AMAs_1993_109-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[110]

First child sexual abuse allegations and first marriage (1993–94)
Main article: 1993 child sexual abuse accusations against Michael Jackson<p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">Jackson gave a 90-minute interview to Oprah Winfrey in February 1993, his second television interview since 1979. He grimaced when speaking of his childhood abuse at the hands of his father; he believed he had missed out on much of his childhood years, admitting that he often cried from loneliness. He denied tabloid rumors that he had bought the bones of the Elephant Man, slept in a hyperbaric oxygen chamber, or bleached his skin, stating for the first time that he had vitiligo. The interview was watched by an American audience of 90 million. Dangerous re-entered the album chart in the top 10, more than a year after its original release.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-lewis_165-168_10-1" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[11] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-campbell_.281995.29_14-16_54-2" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[55] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Nelson_George_overview_45-46_101-4" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[102]

<p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">In the summer of 1993, Jackson was accused of child sexual abuse by a 13-year-old boy named Jordan Chandler and his father, Dr. Evan Chandler, a dentist.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-looking_back_on_1993_110-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[111] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-tara_485-486_111-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[112] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-tara_477-478_112-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[113] The Chandler family demanded payment from Jackson, and the singer initially refused. Jordan Chandler eventually told the police that Jackson had sexually abused him.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-tara_496-498_113-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[114] Dr. Chandler was tape-recorded discussing his intention to pursue charges, saying, "If I go through with this, I win big-time. There's no way I lose. I will get everything I want and they will be destroyed forever ... Michael's career will be over". Jordan's mother was, however, adamant that there had been no wrongdoing on Jackson's part.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-tara_477-478_112-1" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[113] Jackson later used the recording to argue that he was the victim of a jealous father whose only goal was to extort money from the singer.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-tara_477-478_112-2" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[113]

<p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">Later that year, on December 20, Jackson's home was raided by the police, and Jackson submitted to a 25-minute strip search.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-tara_534-540_114-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[115] Jordan Chandler had reportedly given police a description of Jackson's intimate parts, notably claiming that his bleach-damaged penis was circumcised; the strip search revealed, to the contrary, that Jackson was actually uncircumcised,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-115" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[116] a fact confirmed in his autopsy.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-116" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[117] His friends said he never recovered from the humiliation of the strip search. The investigation was inconclusive and no charges were ever filed.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-117" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[118] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-118" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[119] Jackson described the search in an emotional public statement, and proclaimed his innocence.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-looking_back_on_1993_110-1" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[111] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-tara_534-540_114-1" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[115] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-campbell_.281995.29_47-50_119-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[120] On January 1, 1994, Jackson's insurance carrier settled with the Chandlers out of court for $22 million. A Santa Barbara County grand jury and a Los Angeles County grand jury disbanded on May 2, 1994 without indicting Jackson.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-120" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[121] After which time the Chandlers stopped co-operating with the criminal investigation around July 6, 1994.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-121" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[122] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-subpoena-objection_122-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[123] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-tara_540-545_123-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[124] The out-of-court settlement's documentation specifically stated Jackson admitted no wrongdoing and no liability; the Chandlers and their family lawyer Larry Feldman signed it without contest.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-124" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[125] The Chandlers' lawyer Mr. Feldman also explicitly stated "nobody bought anybody's silence".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-125" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[126] A decade after the fact, during the second round of child abuse allegations, Jackson's lawyers would file a memo stating that the 1994 settlement was done without his consent.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-subpoena-objection_122-1" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[123] Jackson married Lisa Marie Presley, daughter of Elvis Presley, in 1994.<p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">In May 1994, Jackson married the daughter of Elvis Presley, Lisa Marie Presley. They had first met in 1975, when a seven-year-old Presley attended one of Jackson's family engagements at the MGM Grand Hotel and Casino, and were reconnected through a mutual friend.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-tara_500-507_126-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[127] According to a friend of Presley's, "their adult friendship began in November 1992 in L.A."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-gliatto_127-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[128] They stayed in contact every day over the telephone. As the child molestation accusations became public, Jackson became dependent on Presley for emotional support; she was concerned about his faltering health and addiction to drugs.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-tara_518.E2.80.93520_128-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[129] Presley explained, "I believed he didn't do anything wrong and that he was wrongly accused and yes I started falling for him. I wanted to save him. I felt that I could do it."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-129" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[130] She eventually persuaded him to settle the allegations out of court and go into rehabilitation to recover.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-tara_518.E2.80.93520_128-1" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[129]

<p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">Jackson proposed to Presley over the telephone towards the fall of 1993, saying, "If I asked you to marry me, would you do it?"<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-tara_518.E2.80.93520_128-2" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[129] They married in the Dominican Republic in secrecy, denying it for nearly two months afterwards.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-MJ_.26_Presley_divorce_130-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[131] The marriage was, in her words, "a married couple's life ... that was sexually active".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-131" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[132] At the time, the tabloid media speculated that the wedding was a ploy to prop up Jackson's public image.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-MJ_.26_Presley_divorce_130-1" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[131] The marriage lasted less than two years and ended with an amicable divorce settlement.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-tara_580.E2.80.93581_132-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[133] In a 2010 interview with Oprah, Presley admitted that they spent four more years after the divorce "getting back together and breaking up", until she decided to stop.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-lmpoprah_133-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[134]

HIStory, second marriage and fatherhood (1995–99)
<p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">In 1995, Jackson merged his ATV Music catalog with Sony's music publishing division creating Sony/ATV Music Publishing. Jackson retained half-ownership of the company, earned $95 million upfront as well as the rights to even more songs.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1995_music_deal_134-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[135] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-sonydeal_135-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[136] He then released the double album HIStory: Past, Present and Future, Book I. The first disc, HIStory Begins, was a 15-track greatest hits album, and was later reissued as Greatest Hits: HIStory, Volume I in 2001, while the second disc, HIStory Continues, contained 15 new songs. The album debuted at number one on the charts and has been certified for seven million shipments in the US.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-136" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[137] It is the best-selling multiple-disc album of all-time, with 20 million copies (40 million units) sold worldwide.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-KOP_achievements_100-1" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[101] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-HIStory_.7B.7BNowrap.7C20_million.7D.7D_copies_137-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[138] HIStory received a Grammy nomination for Album of the Year.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Ultimate_booklet_48.E2.80.9350_138-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[139] Michael Jackson at the 1997 Cannes Film Festival<p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">The first single released from the album was the double A-side "Scream/Childhood". "Scream" was a duet, performed with Jackson's youngest sister Janet. The song fights against the media, mainly for what the media made him out to be during his 1993 child abuse allegations. The single had the highest debut on the Billboard Hot 100 at number five, and received a Grammy nomination for "Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Ultimate_booklet_48.E2.80.9350_138-1" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[139] "You Are Not Alone" was the second single released from HIStory; it holds the Guinness World Record for the first song ever to debut at number one on the Billboard Hot 100 chart.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-World_Records_86-1" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[87] It was seen as a major artistic and commercial success, receiving a Grammy nomination for "Best Pop Vocal Performance".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Ultimate_booklet_48.E2.80.9350_138-2" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[139] In late 1995, Jackson was rushed to a hospital after collapsing during rehearsals for a televised performance; the incident was caused by a stress-relatedpanic attack.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-139" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[140] "Earth Song" was the third single released from HIStory, and topped the UK Singles Chart for six weeks over Christmas 1995; it sold a million copies, making it Jackson's most successful single in the UK.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Ultimate_booklet_48.E2.80.9350_138-3" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[139] The track "They Don't Care About Us" became controversial when the Anti-Defamation League and other groups criticized its allegedly antisemitic lyrics. Jackson quickly put out a revised version of the song without the offending lyrics.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-ADL_140-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[141] In 1996, Jackson won a Grammy for Best Music Video, Short Form for "Scream" and an American Music Award for Favorite Pop/Rock Male Artist.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-MJ_Grammy.27s_25-4" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[26] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-AMAs_1996_141-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[142]

<p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">The album was promoted with the successful HIStory World Tour. The tour began on September 7, 1996, and finished on October 15, 1997. Jackson performed 82 concerts in 58 cities to over 4.5 million fans, and grossed up a total of $165 million. The show, which visited five continents and 35 countries, became Jackson's most successful in terms of audience figures.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-lewis_95-96_79-1" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[80] During the tour, Jackson married his longtime friend Deborah Jeanne Rowe, a dermatology nurse, in an impromptu ceremony in Sydney, Australia. Rowe was approximately six months pregnant with the couple's first child at the time. Originally, Rowe and Jackson had no plans to marry, but Jackson's mother Katherine persuaded them to do so.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-142" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[143] Michael Joseph Jackson Jr (commonly known as Prince) was born on February 13, 1997; his sister Paris-Michael Katherine Jackson was born a year later on April 3, 1998.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-tara_580.E2.80.93581_132-1" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[133] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-143" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[144] The couple divorced in 1999, and Jackson got full custody of the children. The divorce was relatively amicable, but a subsequent custody suit was not settled until 2006.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-tara_599-600_144-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[145] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Jackson_settles_with_Ex_wife_145-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[146]

<p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">In 1997, Jackson released Blood on the Dance Floor: HIStory in the Mix, which contained remixes of hit singles from HIStory and five new songs. Worldwide sales stand at 6 million copies as of 2007, it is the best selling remix album ever released.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Rojek2007_146-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[147] It reached number one in the UK, as did the title track.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Rojek2007_146-1" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[147] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-tara_610.E2.80.93611_147-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[148] In the US, the album was certified platinum, but only reached number 24.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-RIAA_certifications_97-1" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[98] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Ultimate_booklet_48.E2.80.9350_138-4" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[139] Forbes placed his annual income at $35 million in 1996 and $20 million in 1997.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-usatoday_finances_85-1" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[86] Throughout June 1999, Jackson was involved in a number of charitable events. He joined Luciano Pavarotti for a benefit concert in Modena, Italy. The show was in support of the nonprofit organization War Child, and raised a million dollars for the refugees of Kosovo, FR Yugoslavia, as well as additional funds for the children of Guatemala.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Charity_concert_Italy_148-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[149] Later that month, Jackson organized a set of "Michael Jackson & Friends" benefit concerts in Germany and Korea. Other artists involved included Slash, The Scorpions, Boyz II Men, Luther Vandross, Mariah Carey, A. R. Rahman, Prabhu Deva Sundaram, Shobana, Andrea Bocelli and Luciano Pavarotti. The proceeds went to the Nelson Mandela Children's Fund, the Red Cross and UNESCO.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Jackson_.26_Friends_149-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[150]

Label dispute, Invincible and third child (2000–03)
<p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">At the turn of the century, the American Music Awards honored Jackson as Artist of the '80s.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-AMAs_Poll_150-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[151] Throughout 2000 and 2001, Jackson worked in the studio with Teddy Riley and Rodney Jerkins, as well as other collaborators. These sessions would result in the album Invincible, released in October 2001. Invincible was Jackson's first full-length album in six years, and it would be the last album of new material he released while still alive. The release of the album was preceded by a dispute between Jackson and his record label, Sony Music Entertainment. Jackson had expected the licenses to the masters of his albums to revert to him sometime in the early 2000s. Once he had the licenses, he would be able to promote the material however he pleased and he would also be able to keep all the profits. However, due to various clauses in the contract, the revert date turned out to be many years away. Jackson discovered that the attorney who represented him in the deal was also representing Sony.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-tara_610.E2.80.93611_147-1" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[148] Jackson was also concerned about the fact that for a number of years, Sony had been pressuring him to sell his share in their music catalog venture. Jackson feared that Sony might have a conflict of interest, since if Jackson's career failed he would have to sell his share of the catalog at a low price.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-tara_614.E2.80.93617_151-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[152] Jackson sought an early exit from his contract.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-tara_610.E2.80.93611_147-2" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[148] Just before the release of Invincible, Jackson informed the head of Sony Music Entertainment,Tommy Mottola, that he was leaving Sony.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-tara_610.E2.80.93611_147-3" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[148] As a result, all singles releases, video shootings and promotions concerning the Invincible album were suspended.

<p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">In September 2001, two 30th Anniversary concerts were held at Madison Square Garden to mark the singer's 30th year as a solo artist. Jackson appeared onstage alongside his brothers for the first time since 1984. The show also featured performances by Mýa, Usher, Whitney Houston, 'N Sync, Destiny's Child, Monica, Luther Vandross, and Slash, among other artists.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Nelson_George_overview_50-53_152-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[153] The second of the two shows took place the night before the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-guardian_153-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[154] After 9/11, Jackson helped organize the United We Stand: What More Can I Give benefit concert at RFK Stadium in Washington, D.C. The concert took place on October 21, 2001, and included performances from dozens of major artists, including Jackson, who performed his song "What More Can I Give" as the finale.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-tara_614.E2.80.93617_151-1" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[152] Jackson's solo performances were omitted from the televised version of the benefit concert, although he could still be seen singing background vocals. This omission happened because of contractual issues related to the earlier 30th Anniversary concerts: those concerts were boiled down into a two-hour TV special entitled Michael Jackson: 30th Anniversary Celebration: The Solo Years which debuted in November 2001.

<p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">In spite of the events preceding its release, Invincible came out in October 2001 to much anticipation. Invincible proved to be a hit, debuting atop the charts in 13 countries and going on to sell approximately 13 million copies worldwide. It received double-platinum certification in the US.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-RIAA_certifications_97-2" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[98] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-KOP_achievements_100-2" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[101] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Invincible_.7B.7BNowrap.7C13_million.7D.7D_copies_154-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[155] However, the sales forInvincible were lower than those of his previous releases, due in part to a lack of promotion, no supporting world tour and the label dispute. The album also came out at a bad time for the music industry in general.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-tara_614.E2.80.93617_151-2" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[152] The album cost $30 million to record, not including promotional expenditures.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-guardian-02-07-08_155-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[156] Invincible spawned three singles, "You Rock My World", "Cry" and "Butterflies", the latter without a music video. Jackson alleged in July 2002 that Mottola was a "devil" and a "racist" who did not support his African-American artists, using them merely for his own personal gain.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-tara_614.E2.80.93617_151-3" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[152] He charged that Mottola had called his colleague Irv Gotti a "fatnigger".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-156" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[157] Sony refused to renew Jackson's contract, and claimed that a $25 million promotional campaign had failed because Jackson refused to tour in the United States.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-guardian-02-07-08_155-1" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[156]

<p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">In 2002, Michael Jackson won his 22nd American Music Award for Artist of the Century.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-AMAs_2002_157-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[158] In the same year, Jackson's third child, Prince Michael Jackson II (nicknamed "Blanket") was born.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-158" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[159] The mother's identity is unknown, but Jackson has said the child was the result of artificial insemination from a surrogate motherand his own sperm.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-tara_599-600_144-1" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[145] On November 20 of that year, Jackson brought his newborn son onto the balcony of his room at the Hotel Adlon in Berlin, as fans stood below, holding him in his right arm, with a cloth loosely draped over the baby's face. The baby was briefly extended over a railing, four stories above ground level, causing widespread criticism in the media. Jackson later apologized for the incident, calling it "a terrible mistake".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Balcony_incident_159-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[160] Sony released Number Ones, a compilation of Jackson's hits on CD and DVD. In the US, the album was certified triple platinum by the RIAA; in the UK it was certified six times platinum for shipments of at least1.2 million units.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-RIAA_certifications_97-3" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[98] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-BPI_160-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[161]

Second child sexual abuse allegations and acquittal (2003–05)
Further information: Living with Michael Jackson and People v. Jackson<p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">Beginning in May 2002, Jackson allowed a documentary film crew, led by British TV personality Martin Bashir, to follow him around just about everywhere he went. Bashir's film crew was with Jackson during the "baby-dangling incident" in Berlin. The program was broadcast in March 2003 as Living with Michael Jackson, and painted an extraordinarily unflattering portrait of the singer.

<p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">In a particularly controversial scene, Jackson was seen holding hands and discussing sleeping arrangements with a young boy.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-tara_640_161-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[162] As soon as the documentary aired, the Santa Barbara county attorney's office began a criminal investigation. Jackson was arrested in November 2003, and was charged with seven counts of child molestation and two counts of administering an intoxicating agent in relation to the 13 year old boy shown in the film.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-tara_640_161-1" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[162] Jackson denied the allegations, saying the sleepovers were not sexual in nature. The People v. Jackson trial began on January 31, 2005, in Santa Maria, California, and lasted five months, until the end of May. On June 13, 2005, Jackson was acquitted on all counts.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-162" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[163] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Michael_Jackson_health_concerns_163-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[164] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-164" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[165] After the trial, in a highly publicized relocation he moved to the Persian Gulf island of Bahrain, as a guest of Sheikh Abdullah.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-165" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[166]

Closure of Neverland, Final years and This Is It (2006–09)
Jackson with his children in Disneyland Paris, 2006<p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">In March 2006, the main house at the Neverland Ranch was closed as a cost-cutting measure.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-166" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[167] There were numerous reports around that time that Jackson was having financial problems. Jackson had been delinquent on his repayments of a $270 million loan secured against his music publishing holdings, even though those holdings were reportedly making him as much as $75 million a year.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-167" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[168] Bank of America sold the debt to Fortress Investments. Sony reportedly proposed a restructuring deal which would give them a future option to buy half of Jackson's stake in their jointly owned publishing company (leaving Jackson with a 25% stake).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-sonydeal_135-1" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[136] Jackson agreed to a Sony-backed refinancing deal in April 2006, although the exact details were not made public.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-168" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[169] Jackson did not have a recording contract in place with Sony or any other major record label at the time.

<p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">In early 2006, there was an announcement that Jackson had signed a contract with a Bahrain-based startup called Two Seas Records. However, nothing ever came of that deal, and the CEO of Two Seas, Guy Holmes, later stated that the deal had never been finalized.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2seas-billboard_169-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[170] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2seas-bbc_170-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[171] Throughout 2006, Sony repackaged 20 singles from the 1980s and 1990s as the Michael Jackson: Visionary series, which subsequently became a box set. Most of those singles returned to the charts as a result. In September 2006, Jackson and his ex-wife Debbie Rowe confirmed reports that they had settled their long-running child custody suit. The terms were never made public. Jackson continued to be the custodial parent of the couple's two children.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Jackson_settles_with_Ex_wife_145-1" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[146] In October 2006, Fox News entertainment reporter Roger Friedman said that Jackson had been recording at a studio in rural Westmeath, Ireland. It was not known at the time what Jackson might be working on, or who might be paying for the sessions, since his publicist had recently issued a statement claiming that he had left Two Seas.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2seas-bbc_170-1" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[171] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-171" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[172]

<p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">In November 2006, Jackson invited an Access Hollywood camera crew into the studio in Westmeath, and MSNBC broke the story that he was working on a new album, produced by will.i.am of The Black Eyed Peas.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-KOP_achievements_100-3" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[101] Jackson performed at the World Music Awards, in London on November 15, 2006, and accepted a Diamond Award for selling over 100 million records.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-KOP_achievements_100-4" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[101] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2006_World_Music_Awards_172-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[173] Jackson returned to the United States after Christmas 2006 to attend James Brown's funeral in Augusta, Georgia. He gave one of the eulogies, saying that "James Brown is my greatest inspiration."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jb_173-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[174] In the spring of 2007, Jackson and Sony teamed up to buy yet another music publishing company: Famous Music LLC, formerly owned by Viacom. This deal gave him the rights to songs by Eminem, Shakira and Beck, among others.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2007_music_deal_174-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[175] Jackson recorded extensively during this period in New York with songwriter and producer will.i.am and also in Las Vegas with producers Akon andRedOne.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-telegraph-june09_175-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[176] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-telegraph-june09_175-1" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[176] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-hitquarters.com_176-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[177] In March 2007, Jackson gave a brief interview to the Associated Press in Tokyo, where he said, "I've been in the entertainment industry since I was 6 years old, and as Charles Dickens would say, 'It's been the best of times, the worst of times.' But I would not change my career ... While some have made deliberate attempts to hurt me, I take it in stride because I have a loving family, a strong faith and wonderful friends and fans who have, and continue, to support me."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-177" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[178]

<p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">In September 2007 Jackson was reportedly still working with will.i.am, but the album was apparently never completed.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-178" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[179] However, in 2008, Jackson and Sony released Thriller 25 to mark the 25th anniversary of the original Thriller. This album featured the previously unreleased song "For All Time" (an outtake from the original sessions) as well as remixes, where Jackson collaborated with younger artists who had been inspired by his work.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-National_certifications_for_Thriller_25_179-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[180] Two of the remixes were released as singles with only modest success: "The Girl Is Mine 2008" (with will.i.am) and "Wanna Be Startin' Somethin' 2008" (with Akon). The first single was based on an early demo version, without Paul McCartney. The album itself was a hit, however.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-National_certifications_for_Thriller_25_179-1" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[180] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Thriller_25_chart_positions_at_digitalproducer_180-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[181] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Thriller_25_chart_positions_181-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[182] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Worldwide_shipments_of_T25_182-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[183] In anticipation of Jackson's 50th birthday, Sony BMG released a series of greatest-hits albums called King of Pop. Slightly different versions were released in various countries, based on polls of local fans.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-KOP_announced_183-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[184] King of Pop reached the top 10 in most countries where it was issued, and also sold well as an import in other countries (such as the United States.)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-184" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[185] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-KOP_chart_positions_at_ultratop_185-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[186]

<p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">In the fall of 2008, Fortress Investments threatened to foreclose on Neverland Ranch, which Jackson used as collateral for loans running into many tens of millions of dollars. However, Fortress opted to sell Jackson's debts to Colony Capital LLC. In November, Jackson transferred Neverland Ranch's title to Sycamore Valley Ranch Company LLC, which was a joint venture between Jackson and Colony Capital LLC. This deal cleared Jackson's debt, and he reportedly even gained an extra$35 million from the venture. At the time of his death, Jackson still owned a stake in Neverland/Sycamore Valley, but it is unknown how large that stake was.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-186" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[187] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-187" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[188] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-188" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[189] In September 2008, Jackson entered negotiations with Julien's Auction House to display and auction a large collection of memorabilia amounting to approximately 1,390 lots. The auction was scheduled to take place between April 22 and April 25.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-189" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[190] An exhibition of the lots opened as scheduled on April 14, but the actual auction was eventually cancelled at Jackson's request.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-190" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[191]

<p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">In March 2009, Jackson held a press conference at London's O<sub style="line-height: 1em; ">2 Arena and announced a series of comeback concerts titled This Is It. The shows would be Jackson's first major series of concerts since the HIStory World Tour finished in 1997. Jackson suggested possible retirement after the shows; he said it would be his "final curtain call". The initial plan was for 10 concerts in London, followed by shows in Paris, New York City and Mumbai. Randy Phillips, president and chief executive of AEG Live, stated that the first 10 dates alone would earn the singer approximately £50 million.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-191" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[192] The London residency was increased to 50 dates after record breaking ticket sales: over one million were sold in less than two hours.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Rolling_Stone_50_dates.2C_.7B.7BNowrap.7C1_million.7D.7D_tickets_192-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[193] Jackson rehearsed in Los Angeles in the weeks leading up to the tour under the direction of choreographer Kenny Ortega. Most of these rehearsals took place at the Staples Center, which was owned by AEG.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-193" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[194] The concerts would have commenced on July 13, 2009, and finished on March 6, 2010. Less than three weeks before the first show was due to begin in London and with all concerts being sold out, Jackson died after suffering cardiac arrest.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Michael_Jackson_dead_at_50_after_cardiac_arrest_194-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[195] Some time before his death, it was widely stated that he was starting a clothing line with Christian Audigier; due to his death, the current status of the label remains unknown.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-195" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[196] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-196" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[197]

<p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">Jackson's first posthumous single was a song entitled "This Is It" which Jackson cowrote in the 1980s with Paul Anka. It was not on the set lists for the concerts, and the recording was based on an old demo tape. The surviving brothers reunited in the studio for the first time since 1989 to record backing vocals. On October 28, 2009, a documentary film about the rehearsals entitled Michael Jackson's This Is It was released.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-197" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[198] Even though it ran for a limited two-week engagement, it became the highest grossing documentary or concert movie of all time, with earnings of more than $260 million worldwide.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-boxofficemojo_198-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[199] Jackson's estate received 90% of the profits.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-199" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[200] The film was accompanied by a compilation album of the same name. Two versions of the new song appear on the album, which also featured original masters of Jackson's hits in the order in which they appear in the movie, along with a bonus disc with previously unreleased versions of more Jackson hits as well as a spoken-word poem entitled "Planet Earth".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-200" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[201] At the 2009 American Music Awards Jackson won four posthumous awards, two for him and two for his albumNumber Ones, bringing his total American Music Awards total to 26.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-AMAs_MJ_201-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[202] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-AMAs_2009_202-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[203]

Death and memorial
Main articles: Death of Michael Jackson and Michael Jackson memorial serviceJackson's fans paid tribute to him at his star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, shortly after the announcement of his death.<p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">On June 25, 2009, Jackson died while in his bed at his rented mansion at 100 North Carolwood Drive in the Holmby Hillsdistrict of Los Angeles. Attempts at resuscitating him by Conrad Murray, his personal physician, were unsuccessful.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Times6580897_203-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[204] Los Angeles Fire Department paramedics received a 911 call at 12:22 (PDT, 19:22 UTC), arriving three minutes later at Jackson's location.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-204" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[205] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-205" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[206] He was reportedly not breathing and CPR was performed.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-MSNBC_206-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[207] Resuscitation efforts continued en route to the Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center, and for an hour after arriving there at 1:13 (20:13 UTC). He was pronounced dead at 2:26 local time (21:26 UTC).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-207" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[208] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-reuters_208-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[209] Jackson's death triggered a global outpouring of grief.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Times6580897_203-1" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[204]

<p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">The news spread quickly online, causing websites to slow down and crash from user overload. Both TMZ and the Los Angeles Times suffered outages.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Rawlinson_209-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[210] Google initially believed that the input from millions of people searching for "Michael Jackson" meant that the search engine was under DDoS attack. Google then suffered the only crash in its history caused by a overload on its servers. Twitter reported a crash, as did Wikipedia at 3:15 p.m. PDT (6:15 p.m. EDT).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-210" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[211] TheWikimedia Foundation reported nearly a million visitors to Jackson's biography within one hour, probably the most visitors in a one-hour period to any article in Wikipedia's history.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-211" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[212] AOL Instant Messenger collapsed for 40 minutes. AOL called it a "seminal moment in Internet history", adding, "We've never seen anything like it in terms of scope or depth."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-WoodJune27_212-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[213]

<p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">Around 15% of Twitter posts—or 5,000 tweets per minute—reportedly mentioned Jackson after the news broke,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-crash_213-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[214] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Wortham_214-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[215] compared to the 5% recalled as having mentioned the Iranian elections or the flu pandemic that had made headlines earlier in the year.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Wortham_214-1" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[215] Overall, web traffic ranged from 11% to at least 20% higher than normal.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-crash_213-1" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[214] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-215" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[216] MTV and Black Entertainment Television (BET) aired marathons of Jackson's music videos.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-mtvjackson_216-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[217] Jackson specials aired on multiple television stations around the world. The British soap opera EastEnders added a last-minute scene, in which one character tells another about the news, to the June 26 episode.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-217" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[218] Jackson was the topic of every front-page headline in the daily British tabloid The Sun for about two weeks following his death.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-SunHeadlines_218-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[219] During the same period, the three major U.S. networks' evening newscasts—ABC World News, CBS Evening News, and NBC Nightly News—devoted 34% of their broadcast time to him.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-219" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[220] Magazines including Time published commemorative editions.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-220" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[221] A scene that had featured Jackson's sister La Toya was cut from the film Brüno out of respect toward Jackson's family.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-221" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[222]

<p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">Jackson's memorial was held on July 7, 2009, at the Staples Center in Los Angeles, preceded by a private family service at Forest Lawn Memorial Park's Hall of Liberty. Jackson's casket was present during the memorial but no information was released about the final disposition of the body. While some unofficial reports claimed a worldwide audience as high as one billion people,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-bucci_222-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[223] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-223" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[224] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-bucci_222-1" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[223] the U.S. audience was estimated by Nielsen to be 31.1 million, an amount comparable to the estimated 35.1 million that watched the 2004 burial of former president Ronald Reagan, and the estimated 33.1 million Americans who watched the 1997 funeral for Princess Diana.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-224" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[225]

<p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">Mariah Carey, Stevie Wonder, Lionel Richie, John Mayer, Jennifer Hudson, Usher, Jermaine Jackson, and Shaheen Jafargholi performed at the event. Berry Gordyand Smokey Robinson gave eulogies, while Queen Latifah read, "We had him," a poem written for the occasion by Maya Angelou.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-225" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[226] The Reverend Al Sharptonreceived a standing ovation with cheers when he told Jackson's children, "Wasn't nothing strange about your daddy. It was strange what your daddy had to deal with. But he dealt with it anyway."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-226" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[227] Jackson's 11-year-old daughter, Paris Katherine, cried as she told the crowd, "Ever since I was born, Daddy has been the best father you could ever imagine ... I just wanted to say I love him ... so much."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-227" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[228] Reverend Lucious Smith provided a closing prayer.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-228" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[229] On August 24, several news outlets quoted anonymous sources as stating that the Los Angeles coroner had decided to treat Jackson's death as a homicide; this was later confirmed by the coroner on August 28.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-229" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[230] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-230" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[231] At the time of death, Jackson had been administered propofol, lorazepam and midazolam.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-WebMD_231-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[232] Law enforcement officials conducted a manslaughter investigation of his personal physician, Conrad Murray.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-232" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[233] On February 8, 2010, Murray was charged with involuntary manslaughter by prosecutors in Los Angeles.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-233" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[234] Jackson was entombed on September 3, 2009, at Forest Lawn Memorial Park in Glendale, California.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-234" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[235] Tribute of fans from all over the world in the Forest Lawn Memorial Park on his first anniversary of death<p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">On June 25, 2010, the first anniversary of Jackson's death, fans came to Los Angeles to pay their tribute to him. They visited Jackson’s star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame and his family’s home, as well as Forest Lawn Memorial Park. Many of the fans were carrying sunflowers and other tribute items to drop off at the sites. Members of the Jackson family and close friends arrived to pay their respects.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-235" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[236] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-236" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[237] Katherine returned to Gary, Indiana to unveil a granite monument constructed in the front yard of the family home. The memorial continued with a candlelight vigil and a special performance of "We Are the World."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-237" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[238] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-238" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[239] On June 26, there was a protest march in front of the Los Angeles Police Department's Robbery-Homicide Division at the old Parker Center building and a petition with thousands of signatures demanding justice was delivered.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-239" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[240] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-240" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[241] The Jackson Family Foundation in conjunction with Voiceplate presented "Forever Michael", an event bringing together Jackson family members, celebrities, fans, supporters and the community to celebrate and honor his legacy. A portion of the proceeds were presented to some of Jackson's favorite charities. Katherine also introduced her new book "Never Can Say Goodbye."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-241" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[242] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-242" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[243] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-243" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[244]

Death aftermath
<p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">After his death, Jackson became the best-selling albums artist of 2009; in the United States selling over 8.2 million albums and a total of 35 million albums worldwide in the 12 months that followed his death.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-244" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[245] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-245" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[246] Following this surge in sales, Sony announced that they had extended their relationship with his material. The distribution rights held by Sony Music were due to expire in 2015.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-wallstreet-sony_246-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[247] On March 16, 2010, Sony Music Entertainment, in a move spearheaded by its Columbia/Epic Label Group division, signed a new deal with the Jackson estate to extend their distribution rights to his back catalogue until at least 2017, as well as to obtain permission to release ten new albums with previously unreleased material and new collections of released work. On November 4, 2010 Sony announced the release of Michael, the first posthumous album set to be released on December 14, with the promotional single released to the radios on November 8, entitled "Breaking News".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-247" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[248] The deal was unprecedented in the music industry as it is the most expensive music contract pertaining to a single artist in history; it reportedly involved Sony Music paying $250 million for the deal, with the Jackson estate getting the full sum as well as its share of royalties for all works released.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-wallstreet-sony_246-1" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[247] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-248" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[249] Video game developer Ubisoft announced it would release a new dancing-and-singing game featuring Michael Jackson for the 2010 holiday season. The game entitled Michael Jackson: The Experience will be among the first to use Kinect and PlayStation Move, the respective motion-detecting camera systems for Microsoft's Xbox 360 and Sony's PlayStation 3 due out later that year.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-249" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[250] Cirque du Soleil announced on 3 November 2010 that it would launch "Michael Jackson: The Immortal World Tour" in October 2011 in Montreal, while a permanent show will reside in Las Vegas.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-250" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[251] The 90-minute US$57M production will combine Jackson's iconic musical oeuvre and choreography with the Cirque's signature artistry, dance and aerial displays involving 65 artists.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-251" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[252] The tour was written and directed by Jamie King<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-252" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[253] and centers on Jackson's "inspirational Giving Tree – the wellspring of creativity where his love of music and dance, fairy tale and magic, and the fragile beauty of nature are unlocked."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-253" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[254]

<p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">In April 2011, Jackson's longtime friend and billionaire businessman Mohamed Al-Fayed, chairman of Fulham F.C., unveiled a statue of Jackson outside the club's stadium, Craven Cottage.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-254" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[255] Fulham fans were however bemused by the statue and failed to understand the relevance of Jackson to the club.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-255" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[256] Al Fayed however defended the statue and told the fans to 'go to hell' if they didn't appreciate the statue.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-256" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[257]

Influences
One of many identical statues, positioned throughout Europe to promote HIStory<p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">Jackson's music took root in R&B, pop and soul. He had been influenced by the work of contemporary musicians such as Little Richard, James Brown, Jackie Wilson, Diana Ross, David Ruffin, Gene Kelly, Fred Astaire, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sammy_Davis,_Jr. Sammy Davis, Jr.], The Isley Brothers, the Bee Gees and the West Side Story dancers, to whom he made a tribute in "Beat It" and in the "Bad" video.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Jones2005_257-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[258] According toDavid Winters, who met and befriended Jackson while choreographing the 1971 Diana Ross TV Special "Diana!", (which was also Jackson's first solo debut outside of The Jackson 5), Jackson watched West Side Story almost every week and it was his favorite film.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Magickpapers.com_258-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[259] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-259" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[260] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-260" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[261] While Little Richard had a substantial influence on Jackson,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Michael_Jackson_saved_my_life_261-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[262] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-262" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[263] James Brown was Jackson's greatest inspiration. In reference to Brown, Jackson declared: "Ever since I was a small child, no more than like six years old, my mother would wake me no matter what time it was, if I was sleeping, no matter what I was doing, to watch the television to see the master at work. And when I saw him move, I was mesmerized. I had never seen a performer perform like James Brown, and right then and there I knew that was exactly what I wanted to do for the rest of my life because of James Brown."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-263" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[264]

<p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">The young Michael Jackson owed his vocal technique in large part to Diana Ross. Not only a mother figure to him, she was often observed in rehearsal as an accomplished performer. He later expressed: "I got to know her well. She taught me so much. I used to just sit in the corner and watch the way she moved. She was art in motion. I studied the way she moved, the way she sang – just the way she was." He told her: "I want to be just like you, Diana." She said: "You just be yourself."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-264" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[265] But Jackson owed part of his enduring style—especially his use of the oooh interjection—to Ross. From a young age, Jackson often punctuated his verses with a sudden exclamation of oooh. Diana Ross had used this effect on many of the songs recorded with The Supremes.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-265" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[266]

Musical themes and genres
<p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">Unlike many artists, Jackson did not write his songs on paper. Instead he would dictate into a sound recorder, and when recording he would sing the lyrics from memory.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-266" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[267] In most of his songs, such as "Billie Jean", "Who Is It", and "Tabloid Junkie", he would beatbox and imitate the instruments using his voice instead of playing the actual instruments, along with other sounds. Jackson noted that it is easier to sing a drum line, or sing a bass, instead of playing a drum line or a bass with an instrument. Several critics have said that Jackson's distinct voice was able to replace any instrument convincingly. Steve Huey of Allmusic said that, throughout his solo career, Jackson's versatility allowed him to experiment with various themes and genres.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-allmusic_267-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[268] As a musician, he ranged from Motown's dance fare and ballads to techno and house-edged new jack swing to work that incorporates both funk rhythms and hard rock guitar.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-rollingstone_12-2" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[13]

<p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">According to Huey, Thriller refined the strengths of Off the Wall; the dance and rock tracks were more aggressive, while the pop tunes and ballads were softer and more soulful.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-allmusic_267-1" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[268] Notable tracks included the ballads "The Lady in My Life", "Human Nature" and "The Girl Is Mine"; the funk pieces "Billie Jean" and "Wanna Be Startin' Somethin'"; and the disco set "Baby Be Mine" and "P.Y.T. (Pretty Young Thing)".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-allmusic_267-2" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[268] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Slant_Thriller_268-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[269] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-AMG_Thriller_269-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[270] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-RS_Thriller_270-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[271] With Thriller, Christopher Connelly of Rolling Stonecommented that Jackson developed his long association with the subliminal theme of paranoia and darker imagery.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-RS_Thriller_270-1" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[271] Allmusic's Stephen Thomas Erlewine noted this is evident on the songs "Billie Jean" and "Wanna Be Startin' Somethin'".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-AMG_Thriller_269-1" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[270] In "Billie Jean", Jackson sings about an obsessive fan who alleges he has fathered a child of hers.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-allmusic_267-3" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[268] In "Wanna Be Startin' Somethin'" he argues against gossip and the media.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-RS_Thriller_270-2" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[271] "Beat It" decried gang violence in an homage to West Side Story, and was Jackson's first successful rock cross-over piece, according to Huey.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-rollingstone_12-3" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[13] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-allmusic_267-4" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[268] He also observed that the title track "Thriller" began Jackson's interest with the theme of the supernatural, a topic he revisited in subsequent years.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-allmusic_267-5" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[268] In 1985, Jackson co-wrote the charity anthem "We Are the World"; humanitarian themes later became a recurring theme in his lyrics and public persona.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-allmusic_267-6" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[268] <p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">In Bad, Jackson's concept of the predatory lover can be seen on the rock song "Dirty Diana".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-NYT_Bad_272-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[273] The lead single "I Just Can't Stop Loving You" is a traditional love ballad, while "Man in the Mirror" is an anthemic ballad of confession and resolution.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-TIME2_71-1" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[72] "Smooth Criminal" was an evocation of bloody assault, rape and likely murder.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-TIME2_71-2" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[72] Allmusic's Stephen Thomas Erlewine states that Dangerous presents Jackson as a very paradoxical individual.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-ALG_Dangerous_273-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[274] He comments the album is more diverse than his previous Bad, as it appeals to an urban audience while also attracting the middle class with anthems like "Heal the World".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-ALG_Dangerous_273-1" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[274] The first half of the record is dedicated to new jack swing, including songs like "Jam" and "Remember the Time".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-NYT_Dangerous_274-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[275] The album is Jackson's first where social ills become a primary theme; "Why You Wanna Trip on Me", for example, protests against world hunger, AIDS, homelessness and drugs.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-NYT_Dangerous_274-1" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[275] Dangerous contains sexually charged efforts such as the multifaceted love song, "In the Closet".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-NYT_Dangerous_274-2" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[275] The title track continues the theme of the predatory lover and compulsive desire.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-NYT_Dangerous_274-3" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[275] The second half includes introspective, pop-gospel anthems such as "Will You Be There", "Heal the World" and "Keep the Faith"; these songs show Jackson opening up about various personal struggles and worries.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-NYT_Dangerous_274-4" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[275] In the ballad "Gone Too Soon", Jackson gives tribute to his friendRyan White and the plight of those with AIDS.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-TWP_Dangerous_275-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[276]

<p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">HIStory creates an atmosphere of paranoia.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-ALG_HIStory_276-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[277] Its content focuses on the hardships and public struggles Jackson went through just prior to its production. In the new jack swing-funk-rock efforts "Scream" and "Tabloid Junkie", along with the R&B ballad "You Are Not Alone", Jackson retaliates against the injustice and isolation he feels, and directs much of his anger at the media.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-RS_HIStory_277-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[278] In the introspective ballad "Stranger in Moscow", Jackson laments over his "fall from grace", while songs like "Earth Song", "Childhood", "Little Susie" and "Smile" are all operatic pop pieces.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-ALG_HIStory_276-1" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[277] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-RS_HIStory_277-1" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[278] In the track "D.S.", Jackson launched a verbal attack against Tom Sneddon. He describes Sneddon as an antisocial, white supremacist who wanted to "get my ass, dead or alive". Of the song, Sneddon said, "I have not—shall we say—done him the honor of listening to it, but I've been told that it ends with the sound of a gunshot".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Sneddon_profile_278-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[279] Invincible found Jackson working heavily with producer Rodney Jerkins.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-allmusic_267-7" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[268] It is a record made up of urban soul like "Cry" and "The Lost Children", ballads such as "Speechless", "Break of Dawn" and "Butterflies" and mixes Hip-Hop, Pop and R&B in "2000 Watts", "Heartbreaker" and "Invincible".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-ALG_Invincible_279-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[280] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-NME_Invincible_280-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[281]

Vocal style
<p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">Jackson sang from childhood, and over time his voice and vocal style changed noticeably. Between 1971 and 1975, Jackson's voice descended from boy soprano to high tenor.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-brac_414_281-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[282] Jackson first used a technique called the "vocal hiccup" in 1973, starting with the song "It's Too Late to Change the Time" from The Jackson 5'sG.I.T.: Get It Together album.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-282" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[283] Jackson did not use the hiccup technique— somewhat like a gulping for air or gasping— fully until the recording of Off the Wall: it can be seen in full force in the "Shake Your Body (Down to the Ground)" promotional video.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Nelson_George_overview_22_13-2" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[14] With the arrival of Off the Wall in the late 1970s, Jackson's abilities as a vocalist were well regarded. At the time, Rolling Stone compared his vocals to the "breathless, dreamy stutter" of Stevie Wonder. Their analysis was also that "Jackson's feathery-timbred tenor is extraordinarily beautiful. It slides smoothly into a startling falsetto that's used very daringly".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-AMG_OTW_283-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[284] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-RS_OTW_284-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[285] 1982 saw the release ofThriller, and Rolling Stone was of the opinion that Jackson was then singing in a "fully adult voice" that was "tinged by sadness".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-RS_Thriller_270-3" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[271] <p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">A distinctive deliberate mispronunciation of "come on", used frequently by Jackson, occasionally spelt "cha'mone" or "shamone", is also a staple in impressions and caricatures of him.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-288" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[289] The turn of the 1990s saw the release of the introspective album Dangerous. The New York Times noted that on some tracks, "he gulps for breath, his voice quivers with anxiety or drops to a desperate whisper, hissing through clenched teeth" and he had a "wretched tone".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-NYT_Dangerous_274-5" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[275] When singing of brotherhood or self-esteem the musician would return to "smooth" vocals.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-NYT_Dangerous_274-6" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[275] When commenting on Invincible, Rolling Stone were of the opinion that—at the age of 43—Jackson still performed "exquisitely voiced rhythm tracks and vibrating vocal harmonies".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-RS_Invincible_289-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[290] Nelson George summed up Jackson's vocals by stating "The grace, the aggression, the growling, the natural boyishness, the falsetto, the smoothness—that combination of elements mark him as a major vocalist".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Nelson_George_overview_24_271-1" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[272]

Music videos and choreography
<p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">Referred to as the King of Music Videos,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-290" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[291] Steve Huey of Allmusic observed how Jackson transformed the music video into an art form and a promotional tool through complex story lines, dance routines, special effects and famous cameo appearances; simultaneously breaking down racial barriers.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-allmusic_267-8" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[268] Before Thriller, Jackson struggled to receive coverage on MTV, allegedly because he was African American.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-blender_291-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[292] Pressure from CBS Records persuaded MTV to start showing "Billie Jean" and later "Beat It", leading to a lengthy partnership with Jackson, also helping other black music artists gain recognition.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Jackson_changes_the_rules_of_the_music_video_292-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[293] MTV employees deny any racism in their coverage, or pressure to change their stance. MTV maintains that they played rock music, regardless of race.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-293" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[294] The popularity of his videos on MTV helped to put the relatively young channel "on the map"; MTV's focus shifted in favor of pop and R&B.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Jackson_changes_the_rules_of_the_music_video_292-1" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[293] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-ABCNews_294-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[295] His performance on Motown 25: Yesterday, Today, Foreverchanged the scope of live stage show; "That Jackson lip-synced 'Billie Jean' is, in itself, not extraordinary, but the fact that it did not change the impact of the performance is extraordinary; whether the performance was live or lip-synced made no difference to the audience" thus creating an era in which artists re-create the spectacle of music video imagery on stage.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-MT25_295-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[296] Short films like Thriller largely remained unique to Jackson, while the group dance sequence in "Beat It" has frequently been imitated.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-The_Thriller_Special_Edition_Audio_296-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[297] The choreography in Thriller has become a part of global pop culture, replicated everywhere from Indian films to prisons in the Philippines.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-297" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[298] The Thriller short film marked an increase in scale for music videos, and has been named the most successful music video ever by the Guinness World Records.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-World_Records_86-2" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[87]

<p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">In the 19-minute music video for "Bad"—directed by Martin Scorsese—Jackson began using sexual imagery and choreography not previously seen in his work. He occasionally grabbed or touched his chest, torso and crotch. When asked by Oprah in the 1993 interview about why he grabbed his crotch, he replied, "I think it happens subliminally" and he described it as something that was not planned, but rather, as something that was compelled by the music. "Bad" garnered a mixed reception from both fans and critics; Time magazine described it as "infamous". The video also featured Wesley Snipes; in the future Jackson's videos would often feature famous cameo roles.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-tara_370.E2.80.93373_64-1" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[65] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Who.27s_Bad.3F_TIME_298-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[299] For "Smooth Criminal", Jackson experimented with an innovative "anti-gravity lean" in his performances. The maneuver required special shoes for which he was granted U.S. Patent No. 5,255,452.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-299" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[300] Although the music video for "Leave Me Alone" was not officially released in the US, in 1989, it was nominated for four Billboard Music Video Awards, winning three; the same year it won a Golden Lion Award for the quality of the special effects used in its production. In 1990, "Leave Me Alone" won a Grammy for Best Music Video, Short Form.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Nelson_George_overview_43-44_84-3" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[85]

<p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">The MTV Video Vanguard Artist of the Decade Award was given to Jackson to celebrate his accomplishments in the art form in the 1980s; the following year the award was renamed in his honor.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Nelson_George_overview_45-46_101-5" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[102] "Black or White" was accompanied by a controversial music video, which, on November 14, 1991, simultaneously premiered in 27 countries with an estimated audience of 500 million people, the largest viewing ever for a music video.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-KOP_achievements_100-5" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[101] It featured scenes construed as having a sexual nature as well as depictions of violence. The offending scenes in the final half of the 14-minute version were edited out to prevent the video from being banned, and Jackson apologized.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-.27.27Dangerous.27.27_on_Film_300-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[301] Along with Jackson, it featured Macaulay Culkin, Peggy Lipton and George Wendt. It helped usher in morphing as an important technology in music videos.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-301" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[302]

<p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">"Remember the Time" was an elaborate production, and became one of his longest videos at over nine minutes. Set in ancient Egypt, it featured groundbreakingvisual effects and appearances by Eddie Murphy, Iman and Magic Johnson, along with a distinct complex dance routine.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-302" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[303] The video for "In the Closet" was Jackson's most sexually provocative piece. It featured supermodel Naomi Campbell in a courtship dance with Jackson. The video was banned in South Africa because of its imagery.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Nelson_George_overview_45-46_101-6" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[102]

<p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">The music video for "Scream", directed by Mark Romanek and production designer Tom Foden, is one of Jackson's most critically acclaimed. In 1995, it gained 11MTV Video Music Award Nominations—more than any other music video—and won "Best Dance Video", "Best Choreography", and "Best Art Direction".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-TCI_303-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[304] The song and its accompanying video are a response to the backlash Jackson received from the media after being accused of child molestation in 1993.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-304" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[305] A year later, it won a Grammy for Best Music Video, Short Form; shortly afterwards Guinness World Records listed it as the most expensive music video ever made at a cost of $7 million.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Ultimate_booklet_48.E2.80.9350_138-5" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[139] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Guinness_World_Records_2006_305-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[306]

<p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">"Earth Song" was accompanied by an expensive and well-received music video that gained a Grammy nomination for Best Music Video, Short Form in 1997. The video had an environmental theme, showing images of animal cruelty, deforestation, pollution and war. Using special effects, time is reversed so that life returns, wars end, and the forests re-grow.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Ultimate_booklet_48.E2.80.9350_138-6" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[139] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-.27.27HIStory.27.27_on_Film_volume_II_306-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[307] Released in 1997 and premiering at the 1996 Cannes Film Festival, Michael Jackson's Ghosts was a short film written by Jackson and Stephen King and directed by Stan Winston. The video for Ghosts is over 38 minutes long and holds the Guinness World Record as the world's longest music video.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Ultimate_booklet_48.E2.80.9350_138-7" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[139] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-tara_610.E2.80.93611_147-4" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[148] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-307" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[308] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-308" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[309]

Legacy and influence
See also: Records and achievements of Michael JacksonJackson's star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, set in 1984<p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">Jackson throughout his career transformed the art of the music video and paved the way for modern pop music. Daily Telegraph writer Tom Utley described Jackson in 2003 as "extremely important" and a "genius."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-telegraph_309-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[310] For much of his career, he had an "unparalleled" level of worldwide influence over the younger generation through his musical and humanitarian contributions.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-ADL_140-1" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[141] Jackson's music and videos, such as Thriller, fostered racial diversity in MTV's roster, helped to put the relatively new channel into public awareness, and steered the channel's focus from rock to pop music and R&B, shaping the channel into a form that proved enduring. Jackson's work continues to influence numerous hip hop, rock, pop and R&B artists, including Patrick Stump,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-310" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[311] Beyoncé,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-311" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[312] Mariah Carey,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-rollingstone_2_312-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[313] Usher,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-CNN_313-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[314] Green Day,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-314" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[315] Britney Spears,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-rollingstone_2_312-1" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[313] Madonna,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-315" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[316] Justin Timberlake,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-tara_614.E2.80.93617_151-4" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[152] and Ludacris, among others.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-316" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[317]

<p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">Allmusic's Steve Huey describes Jackson as "an unstoppable juggernaut, possessed of all the skills to dominate the charts seemingly at will: an instantly identifiable voice, eye-popping dance moves, stunning musical versatility and loads of sheer star power".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-allmusic_267-9" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[268] In the mid-1980s, Time magazine's pop music critic, Jay Cocks, noted "Jackson is the biggest thing since The Beatles. He is the hottest single phenomenon since Elvis Presley. He just may be the most popular black singer ever".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-TIME_33-2" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[34] In 1990, Vanity Fair cited Jackson as the most popular artist in the history of show business.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Nelson_George_overview_43-44_84-4" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[85] In 2007, Jackson said, "Music has been my outlet, my gift to all of the lovers in this world. Through it, my music, I know I will live forever."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-317" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[318]

<p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">Shortly after Jackson's death, on June 25, 2009, MTV briefly returned to its original music video format to celebrate and pay tribute to his work.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-318" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[319] The channel aired many hours of Jackson's music videos, accompanied by live news specials featuring reactions from MTV personalities and other celebrities. The temporary shift in MTV's programming culminated the following week in the channel's live coverage of Jackson's memorial service.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-319" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[320] At the memorial service on July 7, 2009, founder of Motown Records Berry Gordy proclaimed Jackson as "the greatest entertainer that ever lived."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-320" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[321] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-321" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[322] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-322" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[323]

<p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">In 2010, two university librarians found that Jackson's influence extended into academia, and was detectable in scholarly literature pertaining to a range of subject matter.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Chandler_323-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[324] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Hidalgo_324-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[325] The two researchers combed through various scholars' writings, and compiled an annotated bibliography of those writings that appeared to meet at least one of several criteria. Among these criteria were appearance in a peer-reviewed journal, and the provision of insight into the nature of "popular icons including Jackson".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Hidalgo_15_325-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[326] The bibliography located references to Jackson in research reports concerning music, popular culture, and an array of other topics. The bibliographers identified as their most peculiar finding an argument that certain aspects of chemistry can be effectively taught by altering and imitating elements of Jackson's singing.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Hidalgo_25_326-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[327] One of the research librarians later reflected that "the fact that someone would take a Michael Jackson song and co-opt it as a means to convey chemistry concepts just shows the pervasiveness of Jackson's influence".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Chandler_323-1" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[324]

Honors and awards
See also: List of awards received by Michael JacksonThriller platinum record on display at the Hard Rock Cafe, Hollywood in Universal City, California.<p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">Michael Jackson was inducted onto the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 1980 as member of The Jacksons and in 1984 as solo artist. Throughout his career he received numerous honors and awards, including the World Music Awards' Best-Selling Pop Male Artist of the Millennium, the American Music Award's Artist of the Century Award and the Bambi Pop Artist of the Millennium Award.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Nelson_George_overview_50-53_152-1" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[153] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-327" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[328] He was a double-inductee of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, once as a member of The Jackson 5 in 1997 and later as a solo artist in 2001. Jackson was also inducted in several other hall of fames, including Vocal Group Hall of Fame (as The Jackson 5 member) in 1999, Songwriters Hall of Fame in 2002 and Hit Parade Hall of Fame (with his brothers) in 2009.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Nelson_George_overview_50-53_152-2" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[153] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-HPHH_328-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[329] In 2010, Jackson was inducted into the Dance Hall of Fame as the first (and currently only) dancer from the world of pop and rock 'n' roll.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-newstimes1_329-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[330] His awards include many Guinness World Records (eight in 2006 alone),<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-330" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[331] 13 Grammy Awards (as well as the Grammy Legend Award and the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award), 26 American Music Awards (24 only as a solo artist, including the "Artist of the Century", but not the poll of "Artist of the '80s")—more than any artist—, 13 number one singles in the US in his solo career—more than any other male artist in the Hot 100 era<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-331" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[332] —and estimated sales of up to 750 million records worldwide, making him theworld's best selling male solo pop artist.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-MJ_Grammy.27s_25-5" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[26] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-World_Records_86-3" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[87] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-KOP_achievements_100-6" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[101] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-AMAs_Poll_150-1" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[151] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-AMAs_MJ_201-1" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[202] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-AMAs_2009_202-1" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[203] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Michael_Jackson_to_add_concerts_after_sellout_332-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[333] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Living_Legend_333-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[334] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Lifetime_Achievement_334-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[335] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-AMAs_Poll2_335-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[336] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-AMAs_Poll3_336-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[337] On December 29, 2009, the American Film Institute recognized Jackson's passing as a "moment of significance" saying, "Michael Jackson's sudden death in June at age 50 was notable for the worldwide outpouring of grief and the unprecedented global eulogy of his posthumous concert rehearsal movieThis Is It."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-337" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[338] Michael Jackson also received a Doctor of Humane Letters Degree from the United Negro College Fund <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-338" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[339] and also an Honorary Doctorate of Humane Letters from Fisk University.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-339" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[340] ==Lifetime earnings== <p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">His total lifetime earnings from royalties on his solo recordings and music videos, revenue from concerts and endorsements have been estimated at US$500 million; some analysts have speculated that his music catalog holdings could be worth billions of dollars.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-usatoday_finances_85-2" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[86] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-340" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[341] This speculation however is contradicted by financial documents obtained by the Associated Press, which showed that as of March 31, 2007, Jackson's 50 percent stake in the Sony/ATV Music Publishing catalog (his most prized asset) was worth $390.6 million and Michael Jackson's net worth was $236 million.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-cbsnews1_341-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[342] Billboard has estimated that Jackson has generated at least$1 billion in revenue in the year following his death.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-342" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">[343]

Discography
Main articles: Michael Jackson albums discography, Michael Jackson singles discography, and Michael Jackson videographySee also: Jackson 5 discography*Got to Be There (1972)
 * Ben (1972)
 * Music & Me (1973)
 * Forever, Michael (1975)
 * Off the Wall (1979)
 * Thriller (1982)
 * Bad (1987)
 * Dangerous (1991)
 * HIStory: Past, Present and Future, Book I (1995)
 * Invincible (2001)

Filmography
Main article: Michael Jackson videography

Tours
Main article: List of concert tours by Michael Jackson and The Jackson 5*Bad World Tour (1987–89)
 * Dangerous World Tour (1992–93)
 * HIStory World Tour (1996–97)
 * This Is It (2009–10) (cancelled)